This study was performed in the Médanos Grandes dune field (Central Monte Desert), San Juan province (Argentina) in two contiguous areas: (1) open shrubland and (2) land cultivated with grapes (Vitis vinifera L.). Further research is required to explore the ecological context including the influence of environmental characteristics, temporal and spatial changes, and the intensity of management practices on crops. Figure 1: Soils sampling pattern. [ Links ], Holland, T.C., Reynolds, A. G., Bowen, P. A., Bogdanoff, C.P, Marciniak, M., Brown, R.B, Hart, M. 2013. Copper in soil fractions and runoff in a vineyard catchment: Insights from copper stable isotopes. Agro Sur. Keywords: Enzyme activity; microbial biomass carbon; arid systems. National Institute of viticulture. The weight of separate aliquots was controlled with gravimetry (Gee & Bauder, 1986). The highest percentage of roots was found at a depth of 40 to 60 cm. An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C. Soil Biology & Biochemistry. Soil pH and nutrient availability fluctuated seasonally. [ Links ], Dalmasso, A., Llera, J.A. Principal components analysis (PCA) of the physicochemical and microbiological properties analyzed during wet/dry periods in vineyards and open shrubland soils. UNESCO, Paris. The inorganic-N fraction in soil was dominated by nitrate, as expected in calcareous soils. N application increased inorganic N availability in soil. Furthermore, our findings suggest that high abundances of soil organisms (i.e. [ Links ], Chaer, G., Fernandes, M., Myrold, D., Bottomley, P. 2009. We studied the effects of four years of N application (0, 10, 20 and 50 kg N ha− 1 year− 1 + background deposition) on soil chemistry and fertility in a semiarid shrubland in central Spain. Soils with conventional treatment (tillage, agrochemicals, no amendment) had lower MBC values possibly due to crop management and herbicide use (Garcıa-Orenes et al., 2010). 28, 25-31. The inorganic-N fraction in soil was dominated by nitrate, as expected in calcareous soils. Soil resilience: a fundamental component of soil quality. If youâve done the jar test, youâll know what your soil texture is. The plant community is dominated by the family Zygophyllaceae and especially Bulnesia retama (âretamoâ). ), Argentina. [ Links ], Peregrina, F. 2016. Ecol. The research presented here addressed the question of whether soil resources become more temporally heterogeneous as well as more spatially heterogeneous when grassland undergoes desertification to form shrubland. Spatial distribution of soil organic carbon and analysis of related factors in croplands of the black soil region, Northeast China. [ Links ], Editorial Committee. Thus, soil quality parameters should be assessed over a longer time scale to determine whether it is possible to discuss deterioration of soil quality or rather we should describe soil resilience. Inhibition of encroachment by erosion-induced depletion of soil nutrients contributes to the emergence of highly heterogeneous landscapes with shrub-dominated fertility islands surrounded by nutrient-poor bare soil. One of the consequences of soil erosion in arid and semi-arid environments is the emergence of rocky shrublands. Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (CONICET), Tucumán, Argentina. Over the past century, intensive agricultural activity in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, TX, USA, resulted in loss of more than 95% shrub cover. This species is a slow-growing aphyllous shrub (up to 3 m high in our study area) that is highly tolerant to water stress. Fernandez-Calviño et al. The EC and pH were determined using a glass electrode in a saturated solution of soil:water (1:5) (Editorial Committee, 1996). 31, 426-428. N, available P, K, Ca and Mg) are prevalent in shrublands, especially in the Crataegus vegetation type, while declined soil organism activities and fertility are assigned to grass sites. Particle-size analysis. For bacterial growth, the nutrient broth contained the followoing: beef extract 3.0 - 5.0 g/L; NaCl 5.0 g/L; Na2HPO4 1.0 g/L; agar 20.0 g/L; and pH = 7. Effect of seed burial in different soils on the germination of three specially protected cactus species. [ Links ], Bremner, J.M., Mulvaney, C.S. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. The abundance of soil microorganisms (bacteria and filamentous fungi) in soil samples from vineyards and open shrubland were statistically similar in both seasons. Overall soil fertility measures underneath shrubs between cultivated and native soils were clearly distinct with 95% confidence at all six sites . Ecol Eng. N application increased inorganic N availability in soil. [ Links ], Seybold, C.; Herrick, J.; Brejda, J. [ Links ], Joergensen, R.G. This study was partially funded by Res. Part 1: xylanases. 1986. and Ortiz-llorente, {Mar{\'i}a J.} N2 - N deposition is currently affecting nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Copper has accumulated in vineyard soils due to the long-term use of these fungicides since the end of the 19th century (Babcsányi et al., 2016). The abundance of cultivable microorganisms (bacteria and filamentous fungi) was determined by the agar plate method (three replicates). (2016) argued that the application of copper-based fungicides causes soil acidification and alters the microbial biomass. All statistical analyses were performed using INFOSTAT (version 1.1, 2011, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina). [ Links ], Cao, C., Jiang, S., Ying, Z., Zhang, F., Han, X. FEMS Microbiol. 59, 1739-1752. ), Methods of Soil Analysis. Adaptive genotypes may already exist and can facilitate rapid acclimatization to a variety of conditions (Montecchia et al., 2011). 2.4.3. [ Links ], Montecchia, M., Correa, O., Soria, M., Frey, S., GarcÃa, A., Garland, J. Differences between physicochemical and microbiological parameters from open shrubland soils (Br and IS) and agricultural soils (R and IR) were evaluated via analysis of variance (repeated-measures ANOVA over time); the averages were compared with a Tukey Test (P<0.05). The N and P contents were higher in the vineyard R soil samples than in all open shrubland soils (P < 0.01) (Table 1). The soil bacterial abundance and MCB were higher in Br soils in both the wet and the dry seasons. Br: Bulnesia retama; R: Rows; IS: inter-spaces; IR: inter-rows. Recursos y Problemas Ambientales de la Zona Ãrida. [ Links ], Liu, D., Wang, Z., Zhang, B., Song, K., Li, X., Li, J., Li, F., Duan, H. 2006. In: Science of the Total Environment, Vol. Therefore, we assumed that any difference in soil quality could be attributed to the different plant covers and to the impact of agricultural. This could be because the soil bacterial diversity is vast and is a reservoir of genetic resources. doi = "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.049". 1987. [ Links ], Yeomans, J., Bremmer, J.M. The availability of K and P (P2O5) was measured by their atomic absorption spectrum (Heldrich, 1990). Schismus barbatus and Chenopodium papulosum) or as warm-season âsummerâ species based on their vegetative period, (e.g. This âfertile islandâ pattern is considered characteristic of arid ecosystems. Several works have studied the impact of different agricultural practices in crop rotation on the soil quality, but little is known about the response of soil microorganisms to the management used for perennial crops such as vineyards. The authors would like to thank CONICET for the graduate fellowship granted to A. D. V. A. 1974. 1996. Microorganism abundance was determined via the plating count method (Reasoner & Geldreich, 1985). In most cases, table land has low levels of soil fertility, but after long period of cultivation, the land degrades year by year.
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