[226] The Roman era writer Athenaeus says, based on the scholar Dicaearchus, who was Alexander's contemporary, that the king "was quite excessively keen on boys", and that Alexander kissed the eunuch Bagoas in public. Justin stated that Alexander was the victim of a poisoning conspiracy, Plutarch dismissed it as a fabrication,[146] while both Diodorus and Arrian noted that they mentioned it only for the sake of completeness. [132][133] As a gesture of thanks, he paid off the debts of his soldiers, and announced that he would send over-aged and disabled veterans back to Macedon, led by Craterus. [263] Alexander was used by these writers as an example of ruler values such as amicita (friendship) and clementia (clemency), but also iracundia (anger) and cupiditas gloriae (over-desire for glory). After a long pause due to an illness, he marched on towards Syria. There have been, since the time, many suspicions that Pausanias was actually hired to murder Philip. [150] However, in a 2003 BBC documentary investigating the death of Alexander, Leo Schep from the New Zealand National Poisons Centre proposed that the plant white hellebore (Veratrum album), which was known in antiquity, may have been used to poison Alexander. After this, details on the fate of the tomb are hazy.[165]. [275] In Sunni Islamic Persia, under the influence of the Alexander Romance (in Persian: اسکندرنامه‎ Iskandarnamah), a more positive portrayal of Alexander emerges. [21][22][23] Among them were Artabazos II and his daughter Barsine, future mistress of Alexander, who resided at the Macedonian court from 352 to 342 BC, as well as Amminapes, future satrap of Alexander, or a Persian nobleman named Sisines. For they were told that the kings of the Ganderites and Praesii were awaiting them with eighty thousand horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand war elephants. [187] Alexander placed the phalanx at the center and cavalry and archers on the wings, so that his line matched the length of the Persian cavalry line, about 3 km (1.86 mi). Alexander endeavoured to reach the "ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea" and invaded India in 326 BC, winning an important victory over the Pauravas at the Battle of the Hydaspes. [135] In an attempt to craft a lasting harmony between his Macedonian and Persian subjects, Alexander held a mass marriage of his senior officers to Persian and other noblewomen at Susa, but few of those marriages seem to have lasted much beyond a year. Some of the first and most influential figurative portrayals of the Buddha appeared at this time, perhaps modelled on Greek statues of Apollo in the Greco-Buddhist style. Any other answer would cause the mermaid to turn into a raging Gorgon who would drag the ship to the bottom of the sea, all hands aboard. [277] In the Shahnameh, Alexander's first journey is to Mecca to pray at the Kaaba. [265] In addition, Pliny the Elder writes about this unsuccessful plan adding that the distance was 12 kilometres (7 1⁄2 mi), and the purpose was to cut a canal through the isthmus, so as to connect the Caystrian and Hermaean bays. Thuc. In the same year he established himself on the throne of Macedonia by murdering Alexander V, the son of Cassander. [262], On the other hand, some Roman writers, particularly Republican figures, used Alexander as a cautionary tale of how autocratic tendencies can be kept in check by republican values. [81] Henceforth, Alexander often referred to Zeus-Ammon as his true father, and after his death, currency depicted him adorned with the Horns of Ammon as a symbol of his divinity. [111], In general, Greece enjoyed a period of peace and prosperity during Alexander's campaign in Asia. [48] He also had two Macedonian princes from the region of Lyncestis killed, but spared a third, Alexander Lyncestes. The Macedonians were demoralized by Philip's death and were subsequently defeated near Magnesia by the Achaemenids under the command of the mercenary Memnon of Rhodes. [193], Ancient authors recorded that Alexander was so pleased with portraits of himself created by Lysippos that he forbade other sculptors from crafting his image. Cassander (Greek: Κάσσανδρος Ἀντιπάτρου, Kassandros son of Antipatros; ca. Alexander was proclaimed king on the spot by the nobles and army at the age of 20. [10] Although Philip had seven or eight wives, Olympias was his principal wife for some time, likely because she gave birth to Alexander. Philip waged war against Byzantion, leaving Alexander in charge as regent and heir apparent. Alexander V of Macedon (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος Εʹ ὁ Μακεδών; died 294 BC) was the third and youngest son of Cassander and Thessalonica of Macedon, who was a half-sister of Alexander the Great. Alexander, however, detecting the horse's fear of its own shadow, asked to tame the horse, which he eventually managed. Alexander then marched for three days to the Danube, encountering the Getae tribe on the opposite shore. Campaigning against the Greek city of Perinthus, Alexander is reported to have saved his father's life. He was undefeated in battle and became the measure against which military leaders compared themselves. [138][192][224] Hephaestion's death devastated Alexander. [276] In Egypt, Alexander was portrayed as the son of Nectanebo II, the last pharaoh before the Persian conquest. Alexander himself took selected troops on the direct route to the city. Alexander then faced the Assakenoi, who fought against him from the strongholds of Massaga, Ora and Aornos. After that victory he was sent by Alexander in pursuit of Porus (Indian name Puru), to whom he was charged to offer favourable terms, but narrowly escaped losing his life at the hands of his old enemy. [124], East of Porus' kingdom, near the Ganges River, was the Nanda Empire of Magadha, and further east, the Gangaridai Empire of Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent. [45][46][47], Alexander began his reign by eliminating potential rivals to the throne. For having had all they could do to repulse an enemy who mustered only twenty thousand infantry and two thousand horse, they violently opposed Alexander when he insisted on crossing the river Ganges also, the width of which, as they learned, was thirty-two furlongs, its depth a hundred fathoms, while its banks on the further side were covered with multitudes of men-at-arms and horsemen and elephants. [261] Julius Caesar dedicated a Lysippean equestrian bronze statue but replaced Alexander's head with his own, while Octavian visited Alexander's tomb in Alexandria and temporarily changed his seal from a sphinx to Alexander's profile. Chr.) He eventually turned back at the demand of his homesick troops, dying in Babylon in 323 BC, the city that he planned to establish as his capital, without executing a series of planned campaigns that would have begun with an invasion of Arabia. Antipater II of Macedon (Greek: Ἀντίπατρος Βʹ ὁ Μακεδών), was the son of Cassander and Thessalonike of Macedon, who was a half-sister of Alexander the Great. [79], Alexander advanced on Egypt in later 332 BC, where he was regarded as a liberator. He subsequently overthrew Persian King Darius III and conquered the Achaemenid Empire in its entirety. [97] As Alexander approached, Bessus had his men fatally stab the Great King and then declared himself Darius' successor as Artaxerxes V, before retreating into Central Asia to launch a guerrilla campaign against Alexander. [91] Curtius claims that Alexander did not regret his decision until the next morning. The common soldiers, anxious about his health, were granted the right to file past him as he silently waved at them. [171][172][173] In addition, Leosthenes, also, likened the anarchy between the generals, after Alexander's death, to the blinded Cyclops "who after he had lost his eye went feeling and groping about with his hands before him, not knowing where to lay them". This would fit with the intended destination of Alexander's funeral cortege. Alexander, the son of his fourth wife, Olympias, was a bold, headstrong boy of unusual intelligence. [273], Alexander features prominently in modern Greek folklore, more so than any other ancient figure. [148] His extraordinary achievements, coupled with his own ineffable sense of destiny and the flattery of his companions, may have combined to produce this effect. causing the mermaid to vanish and the sea to calm. Subcategories are rulers in chronological order, from the time when they minted coinage, including Doki, Alexander I, Perdikkas II, Archelaus, Aeropos, Amyntas II, Pausanias, Amyntas III, Alexander II, Perdikkas III, Philip II, Alexander III, Philip III, Alexander … He was born in Pella in 356 BC and succeeded his father Philip II to the throne at the age of 20. [178], Dissension and rivalry soon afflicted the Macedonians, however. Alexander IV was the son of Alexander the Great (a Macedonian) and Alexander's wife Roxana (a Sogdian ). While Alexander IV, Alexander the Great's son, was by treaty, supposed to become king when he came of age, Cassander arranged for the assassination of the younger Alexander and his mother, Roxana of Bactria in 310 or 309 BC. Darius fled the battle, causing his army to collapse, and left behind his wife, his two daughters, his mother Sisygambis, and a fabulous treasure. The Athenians, led by Demosthenes, voted to seek alliance with Thebes against Macedonia. Written by bass player Steve Harris, the song retells Alexander's life. [96] The Persian king no longer controlled his own destiny, and was taken prisoner by Bessus, his Bactrian satrap and kinsman. [147], The strongest argument against the poison theory is the fact that twelve days passed between the start of his illness and his death; such long-acting poisons were probably not available. [212] He began to identify himself as the son of Zeus-Ammon. [192] Olympias' influence instilled a sense of destiny in him,[198] and Plutarch tells how his ambition "kept his spirit serious and lofty in advance of his years". The earliest of these is Diodorus Siculus (1st century BC), followed by Quintus Curtius Rufus (mid-to-late 1st century AD), Arrian (1st to 2nd century AD), the biographer Plutarch (1st to 2nd century AD), and finally Justin, whose work dated as late as the 4th century. [109], When Alexander set out for Asia, he left his general Antipater, an experienced military and political leader and part of Philip II's "Old Guard", in charge of Macedon. Cassander died in 297 BC, and his sickly son Philip IV died the same year, succeeded by Cassander's other sons Alexander V of Macedon (r. 297–294 BC) and Antipater II of Macedon (r. 297–294 BC), with their mother Thessalonike of Macedon acting as regent. Alexander III 'the Great'. The Theban resistance was ineffective, and Alexander razed the city and divided its territory between the other Boeotian cities. [125] This river thus marks the easternmost extent of Alexander's conquests. People > Alexander IV. Philip II of Macedon's bodyguard—and former lover—wielded the knife. Perseus was the son of king Philip V of Macedon and a concubine, probably Polycratia of Argos. Alexander V of Macedon ( Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος Εʹ ὁ Μακεδών; died 294 BC) was the third and youngest son of Cassander and Thessalonica of Macedon, who was a half-sister of Alexander the Great. [94], Alexander then chased Darius, first into Media, and then Parthia. [284], In Greek Anthology there are poems referring to Alexander.[285][286]. He broke off the Roman rule for about a year, but was defeated in 148 BCE by the Romans, thereby ending the reign of the last Macedonian king. When Alexander learned about this, he was furious. Moreover, that a very pleasant odour exhaled from his skin and that there was a fragrance about his mouth and all his flesh, so that his garments were filled with it, this we have read in the Memoirs of Aristoxenus. [144] Another theory is that his successors wilfully or erroneously misheard "tôi Kraterôi"—"to Craterus", the general leading his Macedonian troops home and newly entrusted with the regency of Macedonia. [88] Alexander stayed in Persepolis for five months. [106][240] However, a century or so after Alexander's death, many of the Alexandrias were thriving, with elaborate public buildings and substantial populations that included both Greek and local peoples. [70] At the ancient Phrygian capital of Gordium, Alexander "undid" the hitherto unsolvable Gordian Knot, a feat said to await the future "king of Asia". [31], As Philip marched south, his opponents blocked him near Chaeronea, Boeotia. Cassander (Greek: Κάσσανδρος Ἀντιπάτρου, Kassandros son of Antipatros; ca. [74] [106], A plot against his life was revealed, and one of his officers, Philotas, was executed for failing to alert Alexander. In 179 BC Philip V of Macedon died and Perseus took the throne. [158] Other illnesses fit the symptoms, including acute pancreatitis and West Nile virus. His son and successor, Caracalla, a great admirer, visited the tomb during his own reign. ), König von Makedonien (296 bis 294 v. His cousin, Antigonus Doson, administered the kingdom as regent until his death in 221 BC when Philip was seventeen years old. During his youth, Alexander was tutored by Aristotle until age 16. [48] Alexander's relationship with his father forged the competitive side of his personality; he had a need to outdo his father, illustrated by his reckless behaviour in battle. Perseus thus staged a plot to make their father believe that his brother was a traitor, and as a result Philip had Demetrius executed. He appointed Porus as satrap, and added to Porus' territory land that he did not previously own, towards the south-east, up to the Hyphasis (Beas). [12] During Philip's absence, the Thracian Maedi revolted against Macedonia. Following the conquest of Anatolia, Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles, including those of Issus and Gaugamela. [6][c] He is often ranked among the most influential people in history. [86], From Babylon, Alexander went to Susa, one of the Achaemenid capitals, and captured its treasury. In 149 BCE, Andriscus, claiming to be Perseus' son, announced his intention to retake Macedonia from the Romans. en Limnaeus or Limnaios as a personal male name: Limnaeus, a general of Alexander the Great, in the battle of Malli (see Habreas) Limnaios son of Harpalos, a land-owner; he was given estates in Chalcidice by king Lysimachus Limnaios and Lysanias helped Rhodes after 226 BC earthquake Limnaeus, an ambassador of Philip V of Macedon (see Cycliadas) Saint Limnaeus, disciple of … Alexander V of Macedon (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος Εʹ ὁ Μακεδών; died 294 BC) was the third and youngest son of Cassander and Thessalonica of Macedon, who was a half-sister of Alexander the Great. Alexander followed close behind and captured the strategic hill-fort after four bloody days. The correct answer is "He is alive and well and rules the world!" Having damaged the enemy's cohesion, Philip ordered his troops to press forward and quickly routed them. [181] Craterus started to carry out Alexander's commands, but the successors chose not to further implement them, on the grounds they were impractical and extravagant. [276], The figure of Dhul-Qarnayn (literally "the Two-Horned One") mentioned in the Quran is believed by scholars to be based on later legends of Alexander. 350 BC-297 BC), was king of the ancient Greek Kingdom of Kingdom of Macedon from 305 BC until 297 BC, son of Antipater, and founder of the Antipatrid dynasty. He had a high complexion and a harsh voice. Philip V (Greek: Φίλιππος Ε΄) (238 BC – 179 BC) was King of Macedon from 221 BC to 179 BC. At first, the cities must have been inhospitable, little more than defensive garrisons. He was the namesake of his paternal uncle, Cassander. Biography Many of these students would become his friends and future generals, and are often known as the 'Companions'. [188], At Issus in 333 BC, his first confrontation with Darius, he used the same deployment, and again the central phalanx pushed through. Demades likened the Macedonian army, after the death of Alexander, to the blinded Cyclops, due to the many random and disorderly movements that it made. [256] For example, Greek astronomical instruments dating to the 3rd century BC were found in the Greco-Bactrian city of Ai Khanoum in modern-day Afghanistan,[257] while the Greek concept of a spherical earth surrounded by the spheres of planets eventually supplanted the long-standing Indian cosmological belief of a disc consisting of four continents grouped around a central mountain (Mount Meru) like the petals of a flower. By the time of his death, he had conquered the entire. With these victories, he secured his northern frontier. After Philip's assassination in 336 BC, he succeeded his father to the throne and inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army. However, the infantry, under the command of Meleager, rejected this arrangement since they had been excluded from the discussion. [138][225] This event may have contributed to Alexander's failing health and detached mental state during his final months. When Alexander asked Diogenes what he could do for him, the philosopher disdainfully asked Alexander to stand a little to the side, as he was blocking the sunlight. [251] Koine spread throughout the Hellenistic world, becoming the lingua franca of Hellenistic lands and eventually the ancestor of modern Greek. [157] Another recent analysis suggested pyogenic (infectious) spondylitis or meningitis. [188] Alexander personally led the charge in the center, routing the opposing army. [129] Alexander reached Susa in 324 BC, but not before losing many men to the harsh desert. Military academies throughout the world still teach his tactics. Alexander the Great, son of King Philip II of Macedon, was born in 356 BC. Olympias had Cleopatra Eurydice and Europa, her daughter by Philip, burned alive. Alexander I of Macedon (died ca. During this turmoil, the Illyrians invaded Macedonia, only to be repelled by Alexander. [37] The marriage made Alexander's position as heir less secure, since any son of Cleopatra Eurydice would be a fully Macedonian heir, while Alexander was only half-Macedonian. [138] Back in Babylon, Alexander planned a series of new campaigns, beginning with an invasion of Arabia, but he would not have a chance to realize them, as he died shortly after Hephaestion. [279] Later Persian writers associate him with philosophy, portraying him at a symposium with figures such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, in search of immortality. [256][258][259] The Yavanajataka (lit. Alexander personally defeated the Scythians at the Battle of Jaxartes and immediately launched a campaign against Spitamenes, defeating him in the Battle of Gabai. According to Diodorus, Alexander's last plans called for military expansion into the southern and western Mediterranean, monumental constructions, and the intermixing of Eastern and Western populations. [203] This was no doubt in part due to Aristotle's tutelage; Alexander was intelligent and quick to learn. [274] One well-known fable among Greek seamen involves a solitary mermaid who would grasp a ship's prow during a storm and ask the captain "Is King Alexander alive?" KINGS of MACEDON. [134], After three days, unable to persuade his men to back down, Alexander gave Persians command posts in the army and conferred Macedonian military titles upon Persian units. Alexander was the first to break the Theban lines, followed by Philip's generals. [59] While the other cities again hesitated, Thebes decided to fight. [13] Plutarch offered a variety of interpretations of these dreams: that Olympias was pregnant before her marriage, indicated by the sealing of her womb; or that Alexander's father was Zeus. [164], While Alexander's funeral cortege was on its way to Macedon, Ptolemy seized it and took it temporarily to Memphis. [248] Alexander sought to insert Greek elements into Persian culture and attempted to hybridize Greek and Persian culture. Bucephalas carried Alexander as far as India. [137], Afterwards, Alexander travelled to Ecbatana to retrieve the bulk of the Persian treasure. [190], The semi-legendary Alexander Romance also suggests that Alexander exhibited heterochromia iridum: that one eye was dark and the other light.[191]. [103] However, when, at some point later, Alexander was on the Jaxartes dealing with an incursion by a horse nomad army, Spitamenes raised Sogdiana in revolt. 1.57.2; Dio. Attalus also had severely insulted Alexander, and following Cleopatra's murder, Alexander may have considered him too dangerous to leave alive. King of Macedon from 297 BC until 294 BC, jointly with his brother Alexander V. Wikipedia [16], When Alexander was ten years old, a trader from Thessaly brought Philip a horse, which he offered to sell for thirteen talents. This so irritated Alexander, that throwing one of the cups at his head, "You villain," said he, "what, am I then a bastard?" Eventually, the two sides reconciled, and after the birth of Alexander IV, he and Philip III were appointed joint kings, albeit in name only. [270] His court historian Callisthenes portrayed the sea in Cilicia as drawing back from him in proskynesis.
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